Table 3 Consequences of the insertion of IS982 family elements into the promotor region (A) or the coding DNA sequence (B) of antibiotic resistance or virulence genes. The effects include the complete or partial activation/increase of expression (↑) or inactivation (↓) of the corresponding gene(s)
Insertion site | Element | Effect | Affected gene | Consequences |
|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Within the promotor region | ISAba4 | ↑ | blaOXA carbapenemase | Resistance to carbapenem |
ISAba9 | ↑ | |||
ISAba47 | ↑ | |||
ISAba825 | ↑ | |||
IS1187 | ↑ | cfiA | Resistance to carbapenem | |
ISLhe1 | ↓ Partial | Between lacL and lacR | Reduction of β-galactosidase activity | |
B. Within the CDS | IS19 | ↓ | D-Alanine:D-Alanine ligase | Resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin |
ISEfm1 | ↓ | D-Alanine:D-Alanine ligase | Resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin | |
ISAba825 | ↓ | carO | Resistance to carbapenem | |
ISSa4 | ↓ | cylB | Loss of virulence | |
ISScr1 | ↓ | paaB | Loss of virulence | |
ISBs1 | ↓ | glgB | Negative impact on the cell metabolism and physiology | |
IS195 | ↓ Partial | Cysteine protease | Disruption of its Arg-X cleavage ➔ Decrease in virulence |