Mobile DNA and the TE-Thrust hypothesis: supporting evidence from the primates

Oliver, Keith R; Greene, Wayne K

doi:10.1186/1759-8753-2-8

Mobile DNA

Table 5 Specific examples of transposable elements (TEs) implicated in primate-specific traits: immune defence

From: Mobile DNA and the TE-Thrust hypothesis: supporting evidence from the primates

TE generated trait	Gene affected	Gene function	TE responsible	Distribution^a	Type of event	Effect	Tissue expression	Type of TE-Thrust	Reference
Soluble CD55	CD55	Complement regulation	Alu	>Human	Exonization	Novel isoform	Various	Active	Caras et al., 1987 [146]
Intracellular TNFR	P75TNFR	Tumour necrosis factor receptor	Alu	Old World primate	Exonization	Novel isoform	Various	Active	Singer et al., 2004 [147]
Altered infectious-disease resistance?	IRGM	Intracellular pathogen resistance	ERV^b	Afr. Great Ape	Regulatory	Major promoter	Various	Active	Bekpen et al., 2009 [148]
Altered infectious-disease resistance?	IL29	Antiviral cytokine	Alu/LTR^c	>Human	Regulatory	Positive regulation	Dendritic cells, epithelial cells	Active	Thomson et al., 2009 [149]
	FCER1G	IgE/IgG Fc receptor/T cell antigen receptor	Alu	Ape	Regulatory	Positive/negative regulation	T cells, basophils	Active	Brini et al., 1993 [150]
	CD8A	T cell interaction with class I MHC	Alu	Ape	Regulatory	Tissue-specific enhancer	T cells	Active	Hambor et al., 1993 [151]
Red cell ABH antigen expression	FUT1	Fucosyltransferase	Alu	Ape	Regulatory	Alternative promoter	Erythrocytes	Active	Apoil et al., 2000 [96]
	TMPRSS3	Membrane serine protease	Alu/LTR	>Human	Regulatory	Alternative promoter	Peripheral blood leukocytes	Active	van de Lagemaat et al., 2003 [73]
Colon Le antigen expression	B3GALT5	Galactosyltransferase	ERV	Old World primate	Regulatory	Alternative promoter	Colon, small intestine, breast	Active	Dunn et al., 2003 [152]
Prolactin potentiation of the adaptive immune response	PRL	Regulation of lactation and reproduction	ERV	Old World primate	Regulatory	Alternative promoter	Lymphocytes, endometrium	Active	Gerlo et al., 2006 [153]
	ST6GAL1	Sialyltransferase	ERV	>Human	Regulatory	Alternative promoter	B lymphocytes	Active	van de Lagemaat et al., 2003 [73]
Vitamin D regulation of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene	CAMP	Antimicrobial peptide	Alu	Simian	Regulatory	Vitamin D responsiveness	Myeloid cells, various	Active	Gombart et al., 2009 [98]
	MPO	Myeloperoxidase/microbicidal enzyme	Alu	>Human	Regulatory	Thyroid hormone/retinoic acid responsiveness	Myeloid cells	Active	Piedrafita et al., 1996 [154]
Altered infectious-disease resistance?	IFNG	Antiviral/immunoregulatory factor	Alu	Old World primate	Retrotransposition	Novel positive regulatory element	Natural killer cells, T cells	Active	Ackerman et al., 2002 [155]
Absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid/altered infectious-disease resistance?	CMAH	N-glycolylneuraminic acid synthesis	Alu	Human	Gene disruption	Gene loss	Various	Active	Hayakawa et al., 2001 [104]
	IRGM	Intracellular pathogen resistance	Alu	Old and New World monkey	Gene disruption	Gene loss	Various	Active	Bekpen et al., 2009 [148]
Altered malaria resistance?	HBA2	Oxygen transport	Alu	>Ape	Duplication	Novel gene	Erythrocytes	Passive	Hess et al., 1983 [156]

^a > = Maximum known distribution.
^bERV = endogenous retrovirus
^cLTR = long terminal repeat

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ISSN: 1759-8753

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