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Table 2 Activation of oncogenes by Onco-exaptation of TE-derived promoters

From: Endogenous retroviral promoter exaptation in human cancer

Genea

Gene function

Primary result of TE-driven expression

TE type

TE promoter coordinates (hg38)

Cancer type

references

CSF1R

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Ectopic expression of normal protein

(ERVL-MaLR) THE1B LTR

chr5:150092453–150092809

HL

[113]

IRF5

Transcription factor

Ectopic expression of normal protein

(ERV1) LOR1a LTR

chr7:128936859–128937097

HL

[117, 119]

MET

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Protein truncation

(L1) L1PA2

chr7:116718498–116724489

CML, others?

[124, 125]

ALK

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Protein truncation

(ERVL) LTR16B2

chr2:29223783–29224196

melanoma

[38]

ERRB4

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Protein truncation

(ERVL-MaLR) MLT1C LTR

(ERVL-MaLR) MLT1H2 LTR

chr2:211693702–211694209

chr2:211465146–211465419

ALCL

[129]

SLCO1B3

Anion transporter

Chimeric protein

(ERV1) LTR7b

chr12:20822187–20822617

colon, others

[133, 136]

FABP7

Fatty acid binding

Chimeric protein

(ERV1) LTR2

chr6:122748805–122749262

DLBCL

[138]

  1. aOnly those cases with supporting evidence of a role in the cancer are listed
  2. bThe fact that the promoter for these isoforms is an LTR was not noted in the cited papers