Mobile DNA and the TE-Thrust hypothesis: supporting evidence from the primates

Oliver, Keith R; Greene, Wayne K

doi:10.1186/1759-8753-2-8

Mobile DNA

Table 3 Specific examples of transposable elements (TEs) implicated in primate-specific traits: brain and sensory

From: Mobile DNA and the TE-Thrust hypothesis: supporting evidence from the primates

TE generated trait	Gene affected	Gene function	TE responsible	Distribution^a	Type of event	Effect	Tissue expression	Type of TE-Thrust	Reference
	snaRs	Cell growth and translational regulation	Alu	Afr. great ape/ human	Domestication	Novel genes	Brain, testis	Active	Parrott and Mathews, 2009 [105]
	BCYRN1	Translational regulation of dendritic proteins	Alu	Simian	Domestication	Novel gene	Brain	Active	Watson and Sutcliffe, 1987 [106]
	FLJ33706	Unknown	Alu	Human	Domestication	Novel gene	Brain	Active	Li et al., 2010 [107]
Neuronal stability?	SETMAR	DNA repair and replication	Hsmar1	Simian	Exonization	Novel fusion gene	Brain, various	Active	Cordaux et al., 2006 [108]
	Survivin	Anti-apoptotic/brain development	Alu	Ape	Exonization	Novel isoform	Brain, spleen	Active	Mola et al., 2007 [109]
	ADARB1	RNA editing/neurotransmitter receptor diversity	Alu	>Human	Exonization	Novel isoform	Brain, various	Active	Lai et al., 1997 [110]
	CHRNA1	Synaptic transmission	MIR^b	Great ape	Exonization	Novel isoform	Neuromuscular	Active	Krull et al., 2007 [47]
	ASMT	Melatonin synthesis	LINE-1^c	>Human	Exonization	Novel isoform	Pineal gland	Active	Rodriguez et al., 1994 [111]
	CHRNA3	Synaptic transmission	Alu	Great ape	Regulatory	Major promoter	Nervous system	Active	Fornasari et al., 1997 [112]
	CHRNA6	Synaptic transmission	Alu	>Human	Regulatory	Negative regulation	Brain	Active	Ebihara et al., 2002 [113]
	NAIP	Anti-apoptosis (motor neuron)	Alu	>Human	Regulatory	Alternative promoters	CNS, various	Active	Romanish et al., 2009 [114]
	CNTNAP4	Cell recognition/adhesion	ERV^d	>Human	Regulatory	Alternative promoter	Brain, testis	Active	van de Lagemaat et al., 2003 [73]
	CCRK	Cell cycle-related kinase	Alu	Simian	Regulatory	CpG island	Brain	Active	Farcas et al., 2009 [86]
Enhanced cognitive capacity/memory?	GLUD2	Neurotransmitter recycling	Unknown	Ape	Retrotransposition	Novel gene	Brain	Active	Burki and Kaessmann, 2004 [37]
Altered auditory perception?	CHRNA9	Cochlea hair development/ modulation of auditory stimuli	Alu	Human	Deletion	Exon loss	Cochlea, sensory ganglia	Passive	Sen et al., 2006 [62]
Trichromatic colour vision	OPN1LW	Cone photoreceptor	Alu	Old World primate	Duplication	Novel gene	Retina	Passive	Dulai et al., 1999 [36]

^a > = Maximum known distribution.
^bMIR = mammalian-wide interspersed repeat
^cLINE = long interspersed nuclear element
^dERV = endogenous retrovirus

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ISSN: 1759-8753

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