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Table 1 Modes of intercellular and interkingdom DNA transfer.

From: Mobile DNA and evolution in the 21st century

Horizontal transfer mode

Documented transfers

Uptake of environmental DNA

Bacteria -- bacteria [74, 168, 169]

 

Plant -- bacteria [170, 171]

 

Plastid transfection [172]

 

Mammalian cell transfection [173, 174] and lipofection [175, 176]

Conjugal transfer

Bacteria -- bacteria [74]

 

Bacteria -- yeast [177]

 

Bacteria -- plant [178, 179]

Viral transduction and gene transfer agents

Bacteria -- bacteria [74, 180]

 

Bacteria -- plant [181]

 

Animal cell -- animal cell [182]

 

Animal cell -- virus [183]

Parasitic or endosymbiotic association

Plant -- fern [184]

 

Plant -- plant [91, 90]

 

Bacteria -- invertebrate [89]

Undetermined mechanism

Archaea -- bacteria [76]