Fig. 4

Regulation of gene expression by TE-dependent post-transcription. A The presence of an upstream ORF that contributes in the control of the main ORF translation is brought about by a TE inside the 5'-UTR; B The existence of an extra domain inside the encoded protein is determined by the exonization of a TE and consequently its translation; C The presence of a premature stop codon due to the exonization of a TE inside the coding region of an mRNA can lead to the Nonsense-mediated Decay process; D The alternative splicing process can be impacted by TE sequence interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBP); E An mRNA's 3'-UTR contains TE sequences that might cause STAU-mediated degradation; F acts as a docking point for RBP important in maintaining RNA stability, such as the HuR protein; G or causes the production of a shorter, poly-A tailless mRNA, which results in translational repression